{"title":"Arizona","description":"Discover our collection of local history books on the state of Arizona.","products":[{"product_id":"american-prisoner-of-war-camps-in-arizona-and-nevada","title":"American Prisoner of War Camps in Arizona and Nevada","description":"\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Prisoner of War Camps in Arizona and Nevada\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e describes the impact of the large number of prisoners of war on the populations of Arizona and Nevada, as well as the impact of the people of Arizona and Nevada on those imprisoned there. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eProviding detail on the care and employment of prisoners of war according to the Geneva Convention of 1929, the lives of POWs in these states are illustrated, along with the details of camp locations in Arizona and Nevada and the deaths and burials that occurred among them. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSome prisoner names are included, as well as references to source materials at various repositories. Historical photographs serve to provide depth to the story.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/kathy-kirkpatrick\"\u003eKathy Kirkpatrick\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"American Prisoner of War Camps","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":21235932561490,"sku":"9781634990530","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634990530.jpg?v=1579028157"},{"product_id":"abandoned-arizona-ghost-towns-and-legends","title":"Abandoned Arizona: Ghost Towns and Legends","description":"\u003cspan\u003eArizona is a visual delight: a ruggedly beautiful state with a rich history and abundant photographic opportunities of not only its exquisite landscape, but its abandoned past. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrom dusty ghost towns to eerily silent concrete masterpieces, what has been discarded in the settling of this young state is the narrative of Ghost Towns and Legends. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany of Arizona's once thriving mining communities are now deserted. They are nestled in picturesque valleys and harsh desert mountain ranges. America's beloved Route 66 stretches across the state and many trading posts remain—although long abandoned and at the mercy of time and vandals, they still have colorful, visual stories to tell. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbandoned Arizona: Ghost Towns and Legends\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e journey encompasses the entire state, including the metropolis of Phoenix, where the legendary Phoenix Trotting Park stood isolated and forsaken for half a century. Irresistible sunsets are an Arizona trademark, but so too should be its slowly disintegrating past; before we move on to what's next, we must be mindful of the importance of our past—there is much to be learned.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/susan-tatterson\"\u003eSusan Tatterson\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":21237075542098,"sku":"9781634990882","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634990882.jpg?v=1546524461"},{"product_id":"arizona-s-vulture-mine-and-vulture-city","title":"Arizona’s Vulture Mine and Vulture City","description":"\u003cspan\u003eDiscovered by Henry Wickenburg in 1863, the Vulture Mine was one of the greatest gold strikes in Western history, and went through many owners during its long life. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe first was its founder, who gave his name to the city of Wickenburg, which today thrives fifteen miles away on the Hassayampa River. Vulture City, which grew up around the mine beginning in 1880, had everything that miners, engineers, families, and absentee owners could want, from saloons to schools. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Vulture Mine’s fortunes waxed and waned from the Gilded Age through the Jazz Age, the Depression and two World Wars. As the twenty-first century dawned, Vulture City began to crumble into the desert. Today, the old mining town is being restored as a historic site. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this book, author Lynn Downey brings the Vulture Mine and Vulture City to life through stories of fantastic ore strikes, murderous bandits, the struggle for water, and the men who came from as far away as Mexico and China to find their fortunes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/lynn-downey\"\u003eLynn Downey\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Industrial Heritage","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":30457722306642,"sku":"9781634991421","price":23.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634991421.jpg?v=1570454751"},{"product_id":"abandoned-arizona-mining-and-memories","title":"Abandoned Arizona: Mining and Memories","description":"\u003cspan\u003eArizona’s geologic riches share more than 1,000 years of history with the state’s agricultural development. Hundreds of years before the Spanish arrived, Native Americans mined and farmed Arizona’s bountiful terrain. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eToday, modern mining ruins and abandoned farms populate diverse regions of the state and offer the curious explorer much insight into centuries-old mining techniques and farming practices. What remains illuminates the past and chronicles our oftentimes lightning-speed submission to newer technologies and our desertion of land now devoid of its spoils. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbandoned Arizona: Mining and Memories\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/em\u003edelves, photographically, into several of Arizona’s scarcely settled mining and farming areas. Wandering through Southern Pinal County’s forgotten farms is reminiscent of a visit to a Smithsonian exhibition of antique agricultural machinery and superseded industrial processing methods. Mines, too, leave their mark, and not just in the land they scar—their crumbling remains are testimony to the grit and determination of the West’s early settlers. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany of these once bustling agricultural and industrial sites will one day be erased and succumb to our voracious hunger for urban sprawl. The images in \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMining and Memories\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e will remain as testimony to Arizona’s proud history as a land of exceptional beauty and natural bounty.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/susan-tatterson\"\u003eSusan Tatterson\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32000177012818,"sku":"9781634992053","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634992053.jpg?v=1583065050"},{"product_id":"graveyards-of-the-wild-west-arizona","title":"Graveyards of the Wild West: Arizona","description":"\u003cspan\u003eArizona is one of several states that make up the Wild West in the United States. Arizona became a territory in 1863 and was later admitted into the Union on February 14, 1912, but it had a long, exciting history before that. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMiners, cowboys, and outlaws passed through Arizona on their way to California during the Gold Rush of 1849, but when copper was discovered in 1854, people stayed and mining towns all around the state sprung up. Of course, with an influx of population comes a new need for graveyards. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe cemeteries of the mining and cowboy towns, like the towns themselves, were often put together in a hodge-podge manner. Some Arizona graveyards linger in disrepair (Yuma Pioneer Cemetery) and others have become thriving tourist attractions (Tombstone). \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRegardless of their conditions, the cemeteries of Arizona offer powerful and precious reminders of Arizona’s wild history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraveyards of the Wild West: Arizona\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e invites you to learn not only about Arizona’s past, but to see it and meet the people whose spirit of adventure led them to live and die in an arcadian and untamed territory.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/susan-tatterson\"\u003eSusan Tatterson\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/heather-l-moulton\"\u003eHeather L. Moulton\u003c\/a\u003e [\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32850036850770,"sku":"9781634992275","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634992275.jpg?v=1599911588"},{"product_id":"abandoned-route-66-arizona-where-the-road-came-to-an-end","title":"Abandoned Route 66 Arizona: Where the Road Came to an End","description":"\u003cspan\u003eWhen Route 66 came to Arizona, the state was less than fifteen years old. But Arizona embraced the Mother Road, clinging to it long after any other state and then making sure that the world didn’t forget it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eToday that heritage is marked along the roadside by abandoned places which all tell a story, a narrative picked out in trading posts and motels and ordinary people. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo many travelers, these stores, diners and motels were a lifeline; to the people who owned them, they were, quite simply, their life. In an effort to ensure that we don’t forget this recent history—the tales that make up the past, the buildings that provide us with a doorway into yesteryear—\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbandoned Route 66 Arizona\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e records some of those places along the Mother Road before they finally fade away and take their stories and secrets with them.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/blue-miller\"\u003eBlue Miller\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39430473908306,"sku":"9781634993043","price":23.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/products\/9781634993043.jpg?v=1622124095"},{"product_id":"union-pacific-railroad-heritage","title":"Union Pacific Railroad Heritage","description":"\u003cem\u003eUnion Pacific Railroad Heritage\u003c\/em\u003e covers the history of this amazing railroad that was founded in 1862 and completed the United States first transcontinental railroad in 1869. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith the need to develop more powerful steam locomotives to handle the railroad's steep gradients, the Union Pacific Railroad designed the 4-12-2 locomotive, 4-6-6-4 Challenger which influenced development of the 4-8-8-4 Big Boy, followed by the 6,600-horsepower Centennial diesel locomotive, and 8,500-horsepower gas turbine electric locomotive. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Union Pacific Railroad operated well-maintained passenger trains including \"City of San Francisco,\" \"City of Los Angeles,\" \"City of Portland,\" and \"City of Denver\" until May 1, 1971, when AMTRAK took over United States intercity passenger service.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/kenneth-c-springirth\"\u003eKenneth C. Springirth\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/beth-anne-keates\"\u003eBeth Anne Keates\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Railways","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40491541430354,"sku":"9781625451170","price":32.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781625451170.jpg?v=1689962353"},{"product_id":"graveyards-of-the-wild-west-california","title":"Graveyards of the Wild West: California","description":"\u003cspan\u003eCalifornia is one of several states that make up the Wild West in the United States. It was first established as a U.S. a territory in 1848. The state that would become California was, like so much of the West, originally inhabited by Native Americans and, in the sixteenth century, colonized by Spain as part of Mexico. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), the United States acquired the land that eventually became Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California. As with other Southwest states, precious metals were found in the late nineteenth century, and pioneers, miners, cowboys, and outlaws converged on “The Golden State.” California attained statehood in 1850. Of course, with an influx of residents comes a new need for graveyards. The cemeteries of the pioneer and mining towns carry on even as the towns have fallen to ruins. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany California graveyards linger in obscurity in out-of-the-way places (Garlock-Goler, Keeler), while others are popular tourist attractions (Bodie). Regardless of their conditions, the cemeteries offer powerful and precious reminders of California’s wild history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraveyards of the Wild West: California\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/em\u003einvites you to learn not only about California’s past, but to see it and meet the people whose spirit of adventure led them to live and die in an idyllic and untamed territory.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/susan-tatterson\"\u003eSusan Tatterson\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/heather-l-moulton\"\u003eHeather L. Moulton\u003c\/a\u003e [\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40549957271634,"sku":"9781634994743","price":25.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781634994743.jpg?v=1696180791"},{"product_id":"burlington-northern-santa-fe-railroad-heritage","title":"Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad Heritage","description":"\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBurlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Heritage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e started in 1849 with the opening of the Aurora Branch Railroad in Illinois from Aurora to Chicago’s west side. This grew into the Chicago, Burlington \u0026amp; Quincy, which in a 1970 merger with several railroads became the Burlington Northern Railroad. A 1995 merger of the Burlington Northern Railroad with the Santa Fe Railway created the Burlington Northern-Santa Fe Railway, the largest railroad in North America at that time. This book carefully covers the heritage of this very successful railroad.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/kenneth-c-springirth\"\u003eKenneth C. Springirth\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/beth-anne-keates\"\u003eBeth Anne Keates\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Railways","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40673864712274,"sku":"9781634994484","price":32.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781634994484.jpg?v=1704999328"},{"product_id":"abandoned-arizona-relics-of-the-past","title":"Abandoned Arizona: Relics of the Past","description":"\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbandoned Arizona: Relics of the Past\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e is a nocturnal look at vintage and iconic signs in Arizona. Follow photographer Sandra Jungling as she travels Arizona’s historic roadways in search of the signs that encapsulated an era where signs were bigger, bolder, and brighter to attract attention. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book provides a unique view of Arizona as car culture rose during the midtwentieth century. Many of the signs have succumbed to neglect and are on the verge of vanishing forever. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhether fans of American history, neon signs, midcentury modern architecture, or creative photography, readers will be taken on a journey of what it was like to travel through Arizona.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/sandra-jungling\"\u003eSandra Jungling\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40675570679890,"sku":"9781634994767","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781634994767.jpg?v=1705057420"},{"product_id":"viewing-norfolk-southern-railway","title":"Viewing Norfolk Southern Railway","description":"\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eViewing Norfolk Southern Railway\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e covers the history of this railroad, beginning with the South Carolina Canal \u0026amp; Rail Road Company, which in 1830 operated the first regularly scheduled passenger train in the United States. Among the many railroads that became part of Norfolk Southern was the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose completion of the Horseshoe Curve in 1854 was an outstanding engineering achievement that transformed land transportation across Pennsylvania, contributing to the growth of the railroad. By 1882, it became the largest railroad in the world. Norfolk Southern's special painted locomotives, representing many of the railroads that became part of its heritage, are included in this book.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/beth-anne-keates\"\u003eBeth Anne Keates\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/kenneth-c-springirth\"\u003eKenneth C. Springirth\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]","brand":"Railways","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40676072685650,"sku":"9781634994927","price":32.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781634994927.jpg?v=1705087330"},{"product_id":"abandoned-route-66-new-mexico-land-of-trading-posts","title":"Abandoned Route 66 New Mexico: Land of Trading Posts","description":"\u003cp\u003eThere are ghosts on Route 66 in New Mexico. Every abandoned building is a nod to the past, an echo of the days when the Mother Road was a bustling highway filled with people heading to work or on vacation; it transported towards their dreams or away from their nightmares. In the Land of Enchantment there was every element of Route 66—the long empty road, the teeming city, the breathtaking vista, the tourist trap, the bright neon sign, the glimpse of another culture. There were trading posts and service stations which offered not only fuel and food, but perhaps the chance to see a bear, an eagle, or a pit of venomous snakes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, so many of those attractions which once lined the highway are gone, and those that remain are mere shadows of their former selves, the adobe crumbling and the viga beams broken. \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbandoned Route 66: New Mexico\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e records some of those iconic places before they are lost forever, and all that is left are ghosts on the wind.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/blue-miller\"\u003eBlue Miller\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41238746431570,"sku":"9781625451286","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781625451286.jpg?v=1729518352"},{"product_id":"tracking-fred-harvey-s-southwest-indian-detours","title":"Tracking Fred Harvey’s Southwest Indian Detours","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFred Harvey's Indian Detours guided travelers through the Southwest, showcasing scenic and cultural wonders from 1926-1968.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fred Harvey Company had been serving guests in the American Southwest for nearly fifty years by the time the Indian Detours were established in 1926. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway crossed over Raton Pass from Southern Colorado into New Mexico in 1879, Fred Harvey followed right along, establishing a lunchroom in Raton and a hotel in Las Vegas. As the railroad expanded west, so did Fred Harvey with his restaurants and hotels in Santa Fe, Albuquerque, and Gallup, New Mexico, and Winslow, Williams, and Grand Canyon, Arizona. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Indian Detours were born in 1926 to encourage travelers to depart the train at a Fred Harvey Hotel and explore the scenic and cultural wonders of New Mexico and Arizona in a Harveycar or Harveycoach, thus bringing even more revenue to the company’s hotels and restaurants. While the Indian Detours lasted only until 1968, travelers today can still track the path of the Detours on modern paved roads, relaxing in comfortable hotels or RV parks along the way. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith historic and contemporary photographs and maps, author Mike Butler brings Fred Harvey’s Southwest Indian Detours back to life in this book for modern-day travelers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/mike-butler\"\u003eMike Butler\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Railways","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41240268439634,"sku":"9781625451262","price":25.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781625451262.jpg?v=1729597200"},{"product_id":"forgotten-relics-route-66","title":"Vanishing America: A Journey Through the Forgotten Relics of Route 66","description":"\u003cp\u003eEmbark on a nostalgic and enlightening journey through \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanishing America: A Journey Through the Forgotten Relics of Route 66\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, authored by Justin Tedford. Delve into the disappearing landmarks of Route 66 alongside the revitalized destinations shaping its future. This compelling exploration showcases the poignant stories of once-thriving roadside attractions, now fading into obscurity, juxtaposed with the vibrant renewal of others who have embraced a new era of travel.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough vivid descriptions and evocative storytelling, Tedford captures the essence of America's iconic highway, revealing each stop's cultural and historical significance along the way. From weathered motels and abandoned gas stations to revitalized locations and quirky roadside attractions, the book vividly depicts Route 66's past and present.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanishing America: A Journey Through the Forgotten Relics of Route 66\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e celebrates Route 66's resilience and spirit, captivating readers with its changing landscapes and enduring legacy. Whether you're a history buff, a road trip enthusiast, or simply curious about America's evolving cultural tapestry, Justin Tedford's book promises to enlighten and inspire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[authors] Author(s): \u003ca href=\"\/collections\/justin-e-tedford\"\u003eJustin E. Tedford\u003c\/a\u003e[\/authors]\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Abandoned Union","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42093220757586,"sku":"9781634995412","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0020\/9171\/2594\/files\/9781634995412.jpg?v=1752603707"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.through-time.com\/collections\/arizona\/industrial-heritage.oembed","provider":"America Through Time","version":"1.0","type":"link"}